The Alburnus chalcoides is of the species of teleost fish of the Caspian Sea. Sampling was done randomly on days 1 to 5 and days 7, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90 after hatching, pre-puberty and puberty. The DIGESTIVE ENZYMES studied in this fish include pancreatic ENZYMES (trypsin, chtotripsin, lipase, amylase) and intestinal ENZYMES (alkaline phosphatase and N-aminopeptidase). During the growth of fish, trypsin, kumotrypsin and N-aminopeptidase ENZYMES had an increasing trend which is caused by a high-protein diet. The phosphatase enzyme also has a rising trend up to one month of age and is then fixed under the effect of the pH of the environment. Amylase and lipase ENZYMES have an incremental reduction peak which shows that the fish diet has low sugar and fat compounds. Significant differences were observed for all ENZYMES (P≤ 0. 05) which has been the start of a significant difference for the trypsin and chomitripsin from the third day, lipase enzyme from the second day, amylase enzyme from the seventh day and the alkaline phosphatase and N-aminopeptidase from day five. All the DIGESTIVE tract ENZYMES studied in this fish on the day of onset of active feeding has had incremental peak.

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L. ) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is one of the most destructive insect pests, feeding exclusively on wild and cultivated cruciferous species. The attacked plants produce considerable amount of glucosinolates in response to insects’ feeding. Herein, we studied DIGESTIVE activities of P. xylostella on four different genotypes of family Brassicaceae including two canola cultivars (SLM046 and RGS003) and two cabbage cultivars (Green-Cornet and Glob-Master). The highest proteolytic and amylolytic activities of P. xylostella were observed on GreenCornet and the lowest occurred on RGS003 and Glob-Master, respectively. The highest activity of α-glucosidase and β-glucosidases were observed on GreenCornet and SLM046 and the lowest was observed on Glob-Master and RGS003. The zymogram analysis revealed different isozymes of protease, trypsin-like and α-amylase in the midgut extract of P. xylostella. Activity of the above mentioned isozymes was inhibited in larvae feeding on RGS003 and Glob Master as resistant host cultivars. Also, larvae feeding on the resistant genotypes showed more glucosidase activities, indicating possibility of high glycosinolate existence in the resistant genotypes. By these results we can state that host plant property can affect insect DIGESTIVE physiology through inhibiting DIGESTIVE enzyme activities. These findings provide insights into the direct effects of host plants on insect physiology which are conducive to change in insect fitness.

This study was aimed to gain knowledge on the ontogeny of DIGESTIVE ENZYMES in common carp larvae at the governmental Warm water Fish Aquaculture Center of Shahid Rajaee in Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. The ontogenetic development of pancreatic (trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase and a-amylase) and intestinal (alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase-N) ENZYMES were assessed in common carp larvae from first feeding (3 days post hatching) to 33 days post hatching (dph). The larvae started to feed on rotifers at day 3 to day 7. Feeding on a commercial diet was started from day-8 onwards. Specific trypsin and chymotrypsin activities feed with rotifer were 0.011 U/mg protein and 0.003 U/mg protein at day 7, respectively; then the specific activities feed with dry food reached a maximum level at 33 dph (0.028 U/mg protein and 0.028 U/mg protein, respectively) (P<0.05) compared to live prey. The elevated alkaline proteases activity can be related to adaptation of larvae to digest protein content in the food. Specific lipase activity was 0.0006 U/mg protein at 7 dph; then the activity feed with dry food reached a maximum level at 15 dph (0.0011 U/mg protein) (P<0.05) compared to live prey. Specific α-amylase activity feed with rotifer was 85.86 U/mg protein on the 7 dph; consequently, its specific activity reached a maximum level at 15 dph (128.77 U/mg protein) (P<0.05). Specific alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N activities feed with rotifer were 6 U/mg protein and 0.0106 U/mg protein at day 7, respectively; then the specific activities feed with dry food reached a maximum level at 33 dph (28.66 U/mg protein and 0.58 U/mg protein, respectively) (P<0.05) compared to live prey.

There is different between the activity of DIGESTIVE enzyme in cultural and wild environment. Because of changing available food stuffs. The object of this investigation is deliberation of the activity of a-Amylase Tripsine and Lipase ENZYMES in anterior, mid and posterior of Schizothorax zarudnyi intestine in cultural and wild environmental. For this reason 12 wild in from 4 groups weighted average number (141.6±6.3, 209.5±2.63, 263.1±9.6, 326.15±26.9) and 13 cultural weighted average number (55.1±5.6) were used. The results showed that survey activity of a-Amylase was higher than other ENZYMES in both group of wild and cultural fish. The highest activity of a-Amylase was observed in mid gut and the activity of this ENZYMES had a significant difference in different of segments of intestine (p<0.05) but the significant difference was observed between anterior and mid gut with posterior (p<0.05). The results of deliberation of Tripsine and Lipase ENZYMES activity showed that the activity of these ENZYMES were decreased from anterior to posterior gut in both groups of fish. The comparison of a-Amylase, Tripsine and Lipase ENZYMES activity and average weight of wild fish showed that the activity of these ENZYMES was increased with increasing of weight.

The role of enzyme engineering in biotechnology, biological and pharmaceutical process cannot be over emphasized. This study compared the adsorption of amylase and protease on to manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4). The metal ferrite was synthesized via a sol – gel technique and characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The adsorption was study in a batch process and the data were subjected to kinetics and isotherm models. The pseudo-first order best fitted the kinetic data with R2> 0. 99. The data were fitted well by the entire isotherm models considered with the maximum adsorption isotherm of 1. 602 and 7. 330 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters give negative Gibb’ s free energy, Δ G, showing a spontaneous adsorption; positive Δ H indicated an endothermic favoured process, while Δ S values showed that the process progress with lower entropy change.

Introduction: One of the most important indices in increasing the marketability of ornamental fish is the favorite growth. The main pigment in many fish species is carotenoid, employing to improve their antioxidant capacity and immune system. Nowadays, in many studies, using carotenoid obtained from agricultural sources, especially carotenoids found in plants, has been considered in fish diet and shown a high capacity than the artificial carotenoid in order to improve fish growth. The aim of this study was to use carrot, Daucus carota and red bell pepper, Capsicum frutscene grossum powders as rich sources of carotenoids in the diet of koi, Cyprinus rubrofuscus fry and to investigate their effects on growth performance, DIGESTIVE and antioxidant ENZYMES. Materials and methods: Four experimental dietary treatments including the control  (without plant powder; D1), 2% carrot powder (D2), 2% red bell pepper powder (D3), and also 2% containing a mixture of carrot powder (1%) and red bell pepper (1%; D4) were prepared as isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets in triplicate. The effect of prepared diets was evaluated on growth performance, DIGESTIVE ENZYMES (trypsin and amylase) and antioxidant activity including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in koi (weight: 1.10 ± 0.20 g) for 8 weeks. Results and discussion: The results obtained from body weight gain, specific growth rate and condition factor showed that there was no significant difference among the experimental diets, although they were higher in D2, D3 and D4 compared to D1. The lowest food conversion ratio was observed in D2, however, no significant difference was recorded among the treatments. Also, survival rate in experimental diets was 100%. Protein and lipid efficiency ratios as well as the activity of trypsin and amylase were lower in D1 than in   D2, D3 and D4, albeit without any significant difference. According to the results, antioxidant enzyme activities including SOD and catalase significantly decreased in D2 compared to D1 (control) in both before and after stress (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, at the aforementioned levels of carrot powder and red bell pepper did not exhibit any negative effects on the growth performance, DIGESTIVE ENZYMES and antioxidant activity of koi. Funding: The author has no sources of funding for the present work. Conflicts of interest: Authors have no conflict of interest to declare for the publication of the present work. Acknowledgments: The author would like to thank the helpful assistance offered by the laboratory staff in Fisheries Department of Malayer University.

The value of dietary exogenous ENZYMES in promoting growth and efficiency of feed utilization is well recognized in poultry industry. In a case of high-cost yellow corn, several feed producers are choosing to replace yellow corn with other ingredients that have lower nutritional value like triticale, wheat, barley or sorghum. These crops are rich in non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), and there is an inverse relationship between the content of NSPs in the feed and its nutritional value. Dietary supplementation of ENZYMES can enhance the nutritional value of crops containing high contents of soluble NSPs. Numerous studies have shown that supplementation of exogenous ENZYMES in wheat, barley, sorghum or triticale-based rations can improve performance of poultry to a level compared to that obtained by corn-soya-based rations. Naturally, the gastrointestinal tract of poultry produces ENZYMES to aid the digestion of nutrients. However, the birds do not have enough ENZYMES to digest fiber completely and need some commercial exogenous ENZYMES in the diets to improve the digestion. Enzyme is a biological catalyst composed of proteins, amino acids with minerals and vitamins. The advantages of using commercial ENZYMES in poultry feeds include improved productive performance and feed utilization, minimized environmental pollution due to reduced nutrient of manure. The present review covers the information on enzyme uses and its applications in poultry production. Furthermore, this article demonstrates that the exogenous ENZYMES are very important factors in the study of metabolic and physiological mechanisms. Such data will improve our understanding regarding the role of commercial ENZYMES in poultry feeds.

The tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), is a destructive insect pest of many host crops in Iran and worldwide. The effect of different tomato cultivars (SUN 6108 f1, Rio grande UG, Korral, CH falat, Hed rio grande and Cal JN3) was studied on life table parameters of H. armigera under laboratory (25 ± 1oC, 65 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (L: D) hours), and on the activity of some DIGESTIVE ENZYMES of its sixth larval instars under field conditions. The larval period was longest on Hed rio grande (35.500 ± 1.340 days) and shortest on Korral (24.290 ± 0.688 days). The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) ranged from 0.094 ± 0.003 to 0.159 ± 0.002 (day-1), which was lowest on Rio grande UG and highest on Korral. The larvae reared on the leaves of SUN 6108 f1 showed the highest amylolytic activity (0.062 ± 0.00004 mU mg-1), whereas the lowest activity was in the larvae fed on the leaves of Cal JN3 (0.027 ± 0.00004 mU mg-1) and Korral (0.027 ± 0.0001 mU mg-1). The amylolytic activity of larvae fed on the fruits of tomato cultivars was highest on Cal JN3 (0.047 ± 0.0001 mU mg-1). Also, the highest general proteolytic activity of H. armigera was in the larvae reared on the leaves of Hed rio grande (3.235 ± 0.004 U mg-1) and fruits of Rio grande UG (2.757 ± 0.135 U mg-1). It could be concluded that Rio grande UG is unsuitable host for the growth and development of H. armigera.